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发表于 2012-5-8 09:41:31 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
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定语从句(Attributive Clause)
  在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词,定语从句必须置于先行词之后,定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试的常考点,也是语法重点,本节将着重讲解:
  1. 引导词关系代词:which, that, who(m), whose, as
  关系副词:when, where, why
  例句: Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. (选自2011年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。其中,for example作插入语,a standalone media property与BabyCenter为同位语关系;that promotes complementary and even competitive products是一个定语从句,修饰BabyCenter。
  译文: 例如,强生公司创建了宝宝中心网站,它是一家独立的媒体资产,用于推广互补的甚至是竞争性的产品。
  例句: This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (1996年第72题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为This trend began during the Second World War,when引导一非限制性定语从句修饰the Second World War;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是修饰the conclusion that...这一同位语从句中demands的定语从句, 而同位语从句的主干为the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail, 其中make demand of sb. /sth.意为“向某人或某事提出要求”。
  译文: 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
  例句: One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberalarts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. (选自2011年Part B)
  分析: 该句是复合句。其中,主句的主干部分是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence;why it is hard to design and teach such courses是一个定语从句,修饰reason;that liberalarts educations and professional education should...in different schools是insistence后的同位语从句。
  译文: 这种课程很难设计和讲授的原因之一就是它们打破了美国顶尖大学一贯坚持的原则:人文教育与专业教育应该独立,并在不同的学院讲授。
  2.关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句
  考试中涉及定语从句的考点经常是选关系词,而区分关系代词和关系副词是做题依据,关系代词中除whose在句中作定语外,其他各词均在句中作主语或宾语,即除去关系代词后,其后不是一个完整的句子;而关系副词在句中作状语,即除去关系副词后,其后是一个完整句子。
  例句: Ive kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.
  (画线部分不是一个完整的句子)(1998年第8题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,whom引导的定语从句修饰a girl,其中短语be with sb. at school,意为“在学校与某人是同学”。
  译文: 我与一个二十年前和我在一起读书的女孩一直保持着友谊。
  例句: Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.(画线部分是一个完整句子)
  (选自1999年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。主干部分为this is unlikely to produce...in a country,形容词短语as large as ours和定语从句where the economy is spread over...都修饰country, is spread over和involves在定语从句中作并列谓语。
  译文: 另外,像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区,涉及很多跨国公司的国家,职业教育也不可能培养出各种职业所需要的专业人才。
  3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
  定语从句根据其与先行词关系的密切程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句是把主从句看作一个整体,因而关系紧密,不用逗号隔开,从句去掉后,主句不能单独成立;非限制性定语从句是把主从句分开考虑,因而关系松散,通常用逗号隔开,从句去掉后,主句也能单独成立,在引导词中除关系代词that和关系副词why外,其他均可引导非限制性定语从句。
  例句: It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999年第75题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,介词短语to traditional historians与to social science historians并列,每个介词短语都由各自的定语从句来修饰。
  译文: 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社会科学派。前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
  例句: By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity. (选自1998年Cloze Test)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750 a period of great abundance and prosperity,非限制性定语从句when England was still a completely agricultural country修饰hundred years。
  译文: 相比之下,他们认为从1650年到1750年的100年间,虽然英国还是一个完全的农业国,但这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。
  例句: Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the socialnews site Digg. (选自2011年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。其中,主句的主干部分是Toyota Motor alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year;介词短语with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign作状语,表示方式,修饰动词alleviated;which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites...是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰campaign。
  译文: 例如,丰田汽车公司通过发动相对迅速、精心安排的社交媒体回应活动,包括在微博Twitter和社会新闻网Digg等网站上与消费者直接互动,缓解了今年早期的召回危机所造成的部分损失。
  4. 介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
  如果which或whom在定语从句中作介词宾语,那么该介词可以置于从句前,这种定语从句修饰人时,介词后只用whom,修饰物时只用which,不能用that,因为介词后接that意思发生改变,如in+that=because引导原因状语从句,另外介词+which还可等同于关系副词,如in/on, at+which=when/where, for which= why。that/which/whom在从句中充当宾语或介词宾语时,关系代词常省略。
  例句: Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. (选自2001年Text 3)
  分析: 这两句同为复合句,在前后句中各含有一个定语从句into which they plug...和that provides...and..., 分别修饰templates和culture,其中plug sth. into sth.意为“塞入或插入”。
  译文: 大多数记者通过一套标准模式来看世界,并用其来衡量每天发生的事。换言之,在新闻阶层有一种传统的写作规则,这种规则为在其他方面可能造成误解的新闻提供主线和现成的叙事结构。
  例句: The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为The conveniences...reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle;定语从句that Americans desire和in which...to be wasted分别修饰the conveniences和a busy lifestyle,其中in which中which指代a busy lifestyle。
  译文: 美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种休闲的生活方式,还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式,在这种生活方式中,甚至分分秒秒都宝贵得不容浪费。
  例句: To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must gear the qualities and varieties of products we make to the worldmarket demand.(1996年第40题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中不定式短语To survive...countries在句中作状语表示目的。短语gear...to sth.意为“使适应,使适合”。
  译文: 为了在国家间激烈的贸易竞争中能生存下去,我们必须使我们的产品质量和品种适应世界市场需求。
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发表于 2012-5-8 09:41:55 |只看该作者
 5. whose引导的定语从句
  whose在所引导的定语从句中作定语,既可代表人也可代表物。
  例句: We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines within that environment. (选自2011年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。whose traffic is so strong that other organizations...是一个定语从句,修饰media;结果状语从句so strong that other organizations place...在句中充当表语。
  译文: 我们把这种出售媒体定义为一种自有媒体,这种媒体的流量很大,因此其他机构也将其广告内容或电子商务引擎置于它的网络环境中。
  例句: It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为to say that...,定语从句with whose very names...修饰elements,短语be unfamiliar with...意为“不熟悉或不了解……”。
  译文: 毫不夸张地说,我们很快就将把我们的健康、财富和幸福托付给一般人都不知其名的几种元素。
  例句: Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.(选自1998年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句,that the term applies to...是dispute的宾语从句,过去分词短语 published in 1995修饰manifesto,定语从句whose manifesto scorns science and longs for...修饰the Unabomber。
  译文: 把该词用到反原子弹组织身上也不会引起多大争议,该组织在1995年公开发表声明藐视科学,渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会。
  6. 先行词是指人的集体名词
  如果强调该集体的整体,关系代词用which引导,如果强调该集体中各个成员,则用who引导。
  例句: The football team, which isnt playing very well this time, wont most probably place first in the league matches at all.
  分析: 该句是复合句,which isnt playing very well this time是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the football team。
  译文: 这支足球队这次踢得太差,根本不可能蝉联联赛冠军。
  例句: The football team,who are taking physical test, will be back here for the result.
  分析: 该句是复合句,who are taking physical test是一非限制性定语从句修饰the football team。
  译文: 正在参加体能测试的足球队员,一会儿回到这里等结果。
  7. 名词/代词+of+which/whom引导的定语从句表示整体与部分的关系
  例句: Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of which were written after he had lost his hearing.
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为Beethoven wrote nine symphonies in his life。most of which...是一个修饰symphonies的定语从句。
  译文: 伟大的音乐家贝多芬一生中写了九首交响乐,大部分作品是在耳聋后完成的。
  例句: Prof. Liu expected me to visit his students for him, most of whom were from abroad.
  分析: 该句是复合句,most of whom were from abroad是一个定语从句修饰students。
  译文: 刘教授希望我代他去看望他的学生,这些学生大多数来自海外。
  8. who/whom引导的定语从句中有插入语,而且插入语后也不用逗号分开时,很难区分它是插入语还是定语从句中的主谓结构
  试比较:Mary is a girl who I believe is honest.
  Mary is a girl whom I believe to be honest.
  很明显,在前一个句子中,定语从句who I believe is honest中I believe是插入语,因为去掉后,语法或意义均成立,who在句中作主语,不能换用whom;而在后一个句子中,不能把定语从句whom I believe to be honest中I believe看作插入语,因为去掉后不符合语法,所以I believe不是插入语,而是定语从句中的主谓结构,whom作believe的宾语,to be honest作宾语whom的补足语。
  例句: They pointed out the damage which they supposed had been done by last nights storm.(1997年第13题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中定语从句which they supposed had been done by last nights storm中they supposed为插入语,had been done是定语从句的谓语动词。
  译文: 他们指出了他们所预计的由于昨晚风暴而造成的损失。
  例句: This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. (选自2011年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。其中,主句的主干部分是This trend effectively began with retailers and travel providers and will no doubt go further;which we believe is still in its infancy是一个定语从句,修饰trend,we believe作插入语;介词短语such as airlines and hotels作后置定语,修饰retailers and travel providers。
  译文: 这种趋势事实上起始于零售商和像航空公司、酒店等旅游服务供应商。尽管我们相信它目前仍处于起始阶段,但很有可能将会得到进一步发展。
  9. 先行词为everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone等词时,关系代词用who或whom
  例句: When she entered, they were cheerfully talking about somebody(whom) she didnt know.
  译文: 当她进来时,他们一伙正在兴高采烈地谈论着她不认识的人。
  例句: Anyone who has toiled through SAT(Scholastic Assessment Test) will testify that test taking skill also matters. (选自2007年Text 2)
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中定语从句who has toiled through SAT修饰anyone。
  译文: 任何下工夫考过“学术能力评估测试”的人都会证明考试技巧也很重要。
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发表于 2012-5-8 09:42:26 |只看该作者
10. 定语从句的先行词为下述情况时,关系代词用that
  (1)先行词为代词all, everything, something, nothing, anything或用作名词的little,much或先行词前有only,any,no时。
  例句: Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by momenttomoment joy, we should consider being happy as a pasttense condition. (选自2011年Text 4)
  分析: 该句是复合句,冒号后面的内容是对前面内容的解释。其中,that can be measured by momenttomoment joy是一个定语从句,修饰something;Rather than concluding that... 是一个介词短语作状语,修饰整个句子Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness,either happy or miserable在句中作宾语补足语。
  译文: 森尼尔并没有对“孩子会让父母感到幸福还是痛苦”作出定论,而是建议我们需要重新定义幸福:不应该把它看成可用快乐的瞬间来衡量的东西,而应将其视为一种过去式状态。
  例句: To paraphrase 18thcentury statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”(选自2003年Text 2)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为all that is needed for...is that..., that is needed for...是修饰all的定语从句。
  译文: 18世纪的政治家爱德蒙·伯克的意思是说:“错的事情之所以得逞就是因为好人不作为。”
  例句: Equally,in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. (选自2005年Text 4)
  分析: 该句是复合句,that could claim real liveliness是修饰the only form的定语从句。
  译文: 同样,在诗歌领域,唯一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
  (2)先行词为序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。
  例句: He is the most educated man(that)I have ever encountered in my block.
  分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句(that)I have ever encountered...修饰man。
  译文: 他是我在小区里曾经遇到的最有学识的人。
  例句: The first thing (that) he immediately must do is to return to school.
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中主句部分为The first thing is to return to school,定语从句(that)he immediately must do修饰thing。
  译文: 他必须马上做的首要事情就是返校。
  (3)先行词是两个不同性质的词,一个指人,一个指物时。
  例句: The man and his achievements that the newspaper covered are greatly admired by the teachers and students alike.
  分析: 该句是复合句,that the newspaper covered是一个定语从句,在句中修饰the man and his achievements。
  译文: 报纸上所报道的那个人和他的事迹令师生大为钦佩。
  (4)先行词表示确切时间(time,day)、距离(distance)、方向(direction)、倍数(times)、方式(way)。这里只举例说明确切时间(time,day)用that引导,当其余各词充当先行词时,选用关系代词that引导定语从句,关键还在于that后不是一个完整句子(这是判断关系代词与关系副词的标准)。
  例句: My mother will forever remember those beautiful days(that) they spent together in the factory.
  分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that they...in the factory中,先行词为beautiful days表时间,理应用关系副词when,但由于先行词又作spent的宾语,所以只能用关系代词which或that,又因those beautiful days是一确切时间,所以选用that。
  译文: 我母亲将永远铭记她们一起在工厂度过的那些美好的日子。
  例句:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town where nobody knows.(×)
  分析: 句中a town作knows的宾语,所以不能用关系副词where,因为关系副词在句中作状语,所以应用关系代词that或which引导,也可省略,故上句应改为:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town(which/that) nobody knows.
  译文: 我的数学老师是从一个没有人知道的城镇调来的。
  注意: There is an apparent reason why he was not in the village when the fire broke out.(×)
  分析: 由于该句中定语从句的先行词为reason,所以选用关系副词why,况且其后是一个完整句子,众所周知,定语从句和先行词关系是修饰关系,但在该句中定语从句why he was not in the village和先行词reason无语法上的修饰关系,而是彼此解释、平行关系,所以该句是同位语从句,故把why改成that。
  译文: 很明显,火灾发生时他不在村里。
  注意: 如果先行词是表示时间的词未必用when引导,先行词是表示地点的词未必用where引导,先行词是表示原因的词,也未必用why引导,关键要弄清先行词与定语从句的关系,以及前面提到的关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句的区别。
  11.关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰整个主句时,即which的先行词是前面整个句子,常位于句末且用逗号与主句隔开
  例句: The American society is established on an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.
  (2000年第29题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,which is connected with...是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是其前面的整个句子。
  译文: 美国社会是建立在一种极不稳定的自然资源基础之上,这与环境不断恶化的可能性有关。
  例句: When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, which provides a secure alternative to carrying your money in cash. (1996年第27题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中when traveling的完整形式应为when you are traveling, which provides a...是一个定语从句,先行词指代前面所说的you are advised to take travelers checks这件事。
  译文: 建议你旅行时携带旅行支票,这就提供了一个比携带现金更为安全的选择。
  12.关系代词as引导的定语从句
  (1)用于the same...as和such...as结构中。
  例句: Such friends as you mentioned dont make me a happy man whatever.
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为Such friends dont make me a happy man whatever。 whatever置于名词之后强调否定,意为“一点儿也不”。
  译文: 你所提到的这些朋友一点儿都不令我高兴。
  例句: My little daughter uttered a word (in) the same way as I told.
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为My little daughter uttered a word (in) the same way。
  译文: 小女儿模仿我的方式说话。
  (2)as引导的定语从句修饰整个句子时,一定要和主句用逗号隔开,即非限制性定语从句,先行词就是它所修饰的整个句子,该从句可放在主句前、主句后或插入主句中,as在句中作主语或宾语。
  例句: As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. (1999年第5题)
  分析: 该句是复合句, as引导的定语从句修饰主句the principle involves the active participation of...。
  译文: 就像从这些数字对比中所看到的,原则上要求病人在治疗过程中积极配合。
  例句: As the public accept generally, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
  分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为economic growth is determined by..., as引导的定语从句修饰整个主句。
  译文: 正像大众普遍接受的那样,经济增长是由生产的顺利发展决定的。
  例句: There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a“disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (选自1998年Text 2)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干为there is a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote and the picture,定语从句that points to a leap in productivity修饰business anecdote,the treasury secretary 作Robert Rubin的同位语,as代表整个主句内容,分词短语reflected by the statistics作定语修饰the picture。
  译文: 正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所言,商业界大量趣闻提到生产率大幅度提高了,这与官方统计数字所显示的情况并不符合。
  13. 分隔式定语从句(Split Attributive Clause)
  一般情况下,定语从句紧跟在先行词后,但有时由于修辞和语法的需要,定语从句和它所修饰的先行词分开,这就是分隔式定语从句。
  例句: Time was like this, when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on“worthless species”. (2010年第48题)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干为time was like this,when引导一个定语从句,修饰time,that these creatures preserve...与or that they prey...是the evidence的两个并列同位语从句。
  译文: 过去,曾有生物学家总是重申这样的事实:这些生物通过捕食弱小的动物去维持生物链的正常运行,或者说它们只是去捕食“没有价值的物种”。
  例句: The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called OpenSource Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(选自2003年Text 1)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为the winner was a tiny Virginia company, 分词短语called OpenSource Solutions及定语从句whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world修饰company。
  译文: 以绝对优势取胜的是来自于弗吉尼亚的一个叫做“资源公开方案”的小公司,他们明显的优势就是掌握了这个电子领域。
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